Soal Asli SNBT 2011 LBE

Passage 2A Carbon emissions from a meat-hungry developing world could be cut back substantially by improving animal breeds and feed, according to a study. It is estimated that livestock farming contributes 18-51 percent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. Demand for livestock products is predicted to double by 2050 as a result of growing populations, urbanization, and better income in the developing world, which will cause emissions to rise. The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, suggests that 12 per cent of total livestock-related emissions in 2030 could easily be shortened with simple improvements in production. These include: switching to more nutritious pasture grasses; supplementing livestock diets based on grass with small amounts of crop residues or grains; restoring degraded grazing lands; growing trees that trap carbon while producing leaves that livestock could eat; and adopting more productive breeds. "Organizations from the West, especially the World Watch Institute, have continued to blame livestock-keeping for being one of the major polluters of the world, yet livestock keeping's positive by far outweigh the negatives", said Mario Herrera, coauthor of the paper and a senior scientist at International Livestock Research Institute. Passage 2B Livestock farmers in developing countries have a relatively small environmental footprint and their animals provide them with food, income and transport for their crops, said John Byron. "What these farmers need are technological options and economic incentives that help them intensify their production in sustainable ways", he added. Steinfeld, coordinator of the Livestock, Environment and Development Initiative at the Food and Agriculture Organization, said: "If one were able to connect this to smallholder development by making poor farmers benefit through the possibility of carbon offsets and carbon markets that would indeed create a win-winsituation where one would have socioeconomic benefits, targeting poor people, while reducing the carbon 'hoofprint' i.e. the carbon footprint of livestock". Improving livestock production should be done to improve livelihoods and not just for climate reasons, said Kirtana Chandrasekaran, food campaigner for Friends of the Earth. She added that intensive agriculture also contributes to biodiversity loss so "it's very dangerous" just to look at lowering emissions "when there's a whole host of other factors affecting improvement in livestock farming".

It can be concluded from the two texts that productions are considered 'successful' if they ....

1. A.contribute more to economic benefits for the humans' livelihood.
2. B.address reduction of carbon emissions, biodiversity and better quality of life.
3. C.result from provision of appropriate technology and economic motivations.
4. D.are controlled from the side economic and technological management.
5. E.consider both technology and natural factors affecting livestock farming.

The most common causes of tsunamis are underwater earthquakes. To understand underwater earthquakes, you must first understand plate tectonics. The theory of plate tectonics suggests that the lithosphere, or top layer of the Earth, is made up a series of huge plates. These plates make up the continents and seafloor. They rest on an underlying viscous layer called the asthenosphere. Think of a pie cut into eight slices. The pie crust would be the lithosphere and the hot, sticky pie filling underneath would be the asthenosphere. On the Earth, these plates are constantly in motion, moving along each other at a speed of 1 to 2 inches $ (2.5-5 \mathrm{~cm}) $ per year. The movement occurs most dramatically along fault lines (where the pie is cut). These motions are capable of producing earthquakes and volcanism, which, when they occur at the bottom of the ocean, are two possible sources of tsunamis. When two plates come into contact at a region known as a plate boundary, a heavier plate can slip under a lighter one. This is called subduction. Underwater subduction often leaves enormous "handprints" in the form of deep ocean trench along the seafloor. In some cases of subduction, part of the seafloor connected to the lighter may "snap up" suddenly due to the pressure from the sinking plate. This results in an earthquake. The focus of the earthquake is the point within the Earth where the rupture first occurs, rocks break and the first seismic waves are generated. The epicenter is the point on the seafloor directly above the focus. When this piece of the plate snaps up and sends tons of rock shooting upward with tremendous force, the energy of that force is transferred to the water. The energy pushes the water upward above normal sea level. This is the birth of a tsunami. The earthquake that generated the December 26, 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean was a 9.0 on the Richter scale-one of the biggest in recorded history.

The following is mentioned in the text about tsunamis, EXCEPT that they are ....

1. A.predictable following any incidence of earthquakes
2. B.close to the rise of sea levels from the sinking plate
3. C.connected to deep ocean trenches along sea floors
4. D.related to strong movements of plate tectonics
5. E.highly linked to underwater earthquakes

Passage 2A Carbon emissions from a meat-hungry developing world could be cut back substantially by improving animal breeds and feed, according to a study. It is estimated that livestock farming contributes 18-51 percent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. Demand for livestock products is predicted to double by 2050 as a result of growing populations, urbanization, and better income in the developing world, which will cause emissions to rise. The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, suggests that 12 per cent of total livestock-related emissions in 2030 could easily be shortened with simple improvements in production. These include: switching to more nutritious pasture grasses; supplementing livestock diets based on grass with small amounts of crop residues or grains; restoring degraded grazing lands; growing trees that trap carbon while producing leaves that livestock could eat; and adopting more productive breeds. "Organizations from the West, especially the World Watch Institute, have continued to blame livestock-keeping for being one of the major polluters of the world, yet livestock keeping's positive by far outweigh the negatives", said Mario Herrera, coauthor of the paper and a senior scientist at International Livestock Research Institute. Passage 2B Livestock farmers in developing countries have a relatively small environmental footprint and their animals provide them with food, income and transport for their crops, said John Byron. "What these farmers need are technological options and economic incentives that help them intensify their production in sustainable ways", he added. Steinfeld, coordinator of the Livestock, Environment and Development Initiative at the Food and Agriculture Organization, said: "If one were able to connect this to smallholder development by making poor farmers benefit through the possibility of carbon offsets and carbon markets that would indeed create a win-winsituation where one would have socioeconomic benefits, targeting poor people, while reducing the carbon 'hoofprint' i.e. the carbon footprint of livestock". Improving livestock production should be done to improve livelihoods and not just for climate reasons, said Kirtana Chandrasekaran, food campaigner for Friends of the Earth. She added that intensive agriculture also contributes to biodiversity loss so "it's very dangerous" just to look at lowering emissions "when there's a whole host of other factors affecting improvement in livestock farming".

Which of following statements can be hypothetically figured out based on the information in these two texts?

1. A.The increase in population, urbanization, and earnings leads to the higher demand for livestock consumption, and thus the higher carbon emissions.
2. B.The significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions is due to changes in people's lifestyles and activities, including the higher demand for livestock products.
3. C.Desirable livestock farming is parallel with reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, improvement of biodiversity, and better socioeconomic quality of the poor.
4. D.Whatever the technological attempts are made to improve livestock production to meet the people's demand, higher carbon emissions will constantly increase.
5. E.Although it affects positively the poor's socioeconomic status, livestock farming activities negatively influence biodiversity as well as global climate condition.

......... known as the country of Timor Leste was once part of Indonesia.

1. A.That is now
2. B.What is now
3. C.Now is
4. D.That now
5. E.What now