Soal Asli SNBT 2019 LBE

Living on an island can have strange effects. On Flores in Indonesia, extinct elephants weighed no more than a large hog, but rats grew as big as cats. These are examples of the island effect, which holds that when food and predators are scarce, big animals shrink and little ones grow. Still, no one is sure whether the same rule explains the most famous example of dwarfing on Flores: the odd extinct hominin called the hobbit, which lived 60,000 to 100,000 years ago and stood about a meter tall. Now, genetic evidence from modern pygmies on Flores-who are unrelated to the hobbit-confirms that humans, too, are subject to so-called island dwarfing. Flores pygmies differ from their closest relatives on New Guinea and in East Asia in carrying more gene variants that promote short stature. The genetic differences testify to recent evolution-the island rule at work, and they imply that the same force gave the hobbit its short stature. To explore the pygmies' ancestry, a team of researchers studied the Rampasasa pygmies of Flores, who were on average just 145 centimeters tall. They gathered spit and blood from 32 people and (9) The team found no trace of archaic DNA that could be from the hobbit. Instead, the pygmies were (10)__ The DNA suggested that their ancestors came to Flores in several waves: in the past 50,000 years or so, when modern humans first reached Melanesia; and in the past 5000 years, when settlers came from both East Asia and New Guinea.

The DNA also reflects an environmental shift. It suggests the pigmies' ancestors underwent a big shift in diet after reaching Flores, perhaps eating pygmy elephants or marine foods. The pygmies' DNA is also rich in alleles that linked to short stature. Other East Asians have the same alleles, but at much lower frequencies. The discovery fits with a recent study suggesting evolution also in favor of short stature in people on the Andaman Islands. Such selection on islands boosts the theory that the hobbit, too, was once a taller species, who dwindled in height over millennia on Flores. $ \ldots $

1. A.closely related East Asians to most other.
2. B.most closely related to other East Asians.
3. C.to most other closely related East Asians.
4. D.other East Asians closely related to most.
5. E.East Asian most closely related to other.

In addition to being pleasant and reducing thirst, drinking tea turns out to be also beneficial for health. Some research results show that drinking tea is beneficial for health if the amount of tea consumed is not excessive. Female First writes that a new study in the United Kingdom shows that drinking tea regularly can help reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. To analyze the relationship between tea consumption and the reduced risk of breast cancer, researchers conducted 39 studies of the benefits of tea consumption in 13,204 breast cancer patients. Based on the results of these studies, antioxidant properties in tea can help reduce the risk of breast cancer. Taking tea regularly causes a $ 21 % $ reduction in breast cancer risk. According to a female health specialist, Dr. Catherine Hood from "The Tea Advisory Panel (TAP)" to Female First, this finding is related to the level of polyphenols in tea. Tea is rich in polyphenols, including catechins and gallocatchins, which have been known to function as antioxidants and to have anti-tumor effects. The latest research conducted by Dr. Tim Bond from The Tea Advisory Panel (TAP) shows that consuming black tea lowers cardiovascular risks. Flavonoid in tea helps improve blood vessel functions. In this study, 20 healthy people consumed tea three times a day for one week. The results show that the blood vessel function of these people increases after consuming tea that is not brewed with hot water. According to the Daily Mail, scientists from Taiwan reported that consuming three cups of tea a day helps prevent heart disease and improves blood circulation. Drinking more than $ 450 \mathrm{ml} $ of tea every day will reduce the risk of arteries becoming stiff, with a reduced risk of $ 22 % $ . Research conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health, America, also shows that tea has many health benefits. Besides being able to lower blood pressure, tea can also help prevent strokes. Drinking green tea, in particular, can help reduce the risk of breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer.

According to the last paragraph, which information has biased idea?

1. A.The more tea you drink, the more it will reduce stiff arteries
2. B.There are some notable health benefits of tea
3. C.Tea improves heart health
4. D.Tea is the best drink for health
5. E.Tea reduce risk of cancer

in the walls. It can hang around in hallways and doorways where people have been smoking. Breathing someone else's smoke can be deadly, especially if you live or work in a place where people smoke. That is why it is so important for smokers to go all the way outside if they want a cigarette. When one person smokes inside, it can cause problems for everyone else. Children who are around tobacco smoke in their homes have more health problems like asthma and ear infections. They are sicker and stay in bed more. They miss more school days than children whose homes are smoke-free. Babies who live in homes with secondhand smoke are more likely to die as infants than other babies. Passage 11B The first conclusive evidence on the danger of passive smoking came from Takeshi Hirayama's study in 1981 on lung cancer in nonsmoking Japanese women married to men who smoked. Although the tobacco industry immediately launched a multimillion dollar campaign to discredit the evidence, dozens of further studies have confirmed the link. Research then broadened into other areas and new scientific evidence continues to accumulate. The risk of lung cancer in nonsmokers exposed to passive smoking is increased by between 20 and 30 percent, and the excess risk of heart disease is 23 percent. Children are at particular risk from adults' smoking. Adverse health effects include pneumonia and bronchitis, coughing and wheezing, worsening of asthma, middle ear diseases, and possibly neurobehavioural impairment and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. A pregnant woman's exposure to other people's smoking can harm her foetus. The effects are compounded when the child is exposed to passive smoking after birth.

Which of the following opinions is mentioned in both passages?

1. A.Serious diseases in smokers may result from chain smoking.
2. B.Active smokers' smoke endangers passive smokers.
3. C.Smoking endangers smokers living with nonsmokers.
4. D.Evidence on the danger of passive smoking is conclusive.
5. E.Smoking affects the health of a baby of a pregnant woman.

Living on an island can have strange effects. On Flores in Indonesia, extinct elephants weighed no more than a large hog, but rats grew as big as cats. These are examples of the island effect, which holds that when food and predators are scarce, big animals shrink and little ones grow. Still, no one is sure whether the same rule explains the most famous example of dwarfing on Flores: the odd extinct hominin called the hobbit, which lived 60,000 to 100,000 years ago and stood about a meter tall. Now, genetic evidence from modern pygmies on Flores-who are unrelated to the hobbit-confirms that humans, too, are subject to so-called island dwarfing. Flores pygmies differ from their closest relatives on New Guinea and in East Asia in carrying more gene variants that promote short stature. The genetic differences testify to recent evolution-the island rule at work, and they imply that the same force gave the hobbit its short stature. To explore the pygmies' ancestry, a team of researchers studied the Rampasasa pygmies of Flores, who were on average just 145 centimeters tall. They gathered spit and blood from 32 people and (9) The team found no trace of archaic DNA that could be from the hobbit. Instead, the pygmies were (10)__ The DNA suggested that their ancestors came to Flores in several waves: in the past 50,000 years or so, when modern humans first reached Melanesia; and in the past 5000 years, when settlers came from both East Asia and New Guinea.

The DNA also reflects an environmental shift. It suggests the pigmies' ancestors underwent a big shift in diet after reaching Flores, perhaps eating pygmy elephants or marine foods. The pygmies' DNA is also rich in alleles that linked to short stature. Other East Asians have the same alleles, but at much lower frequencies. The discovery fits with a recent study suggesting evolution also in favor of short stature in people on the Andaman Islands. Such selection on islands boosts the theory that the hobbit, too, was once a taller species, who dwindled in height over millennia on Flores. $ \ldots $

1. A.measured their head circumferences.
2. B.looked for causes of dwarfism.
3. C.analyzed their health histories.
4. D.traced back the lineage.
5. E.extracted their DNA.

reduced risk of breast cancer, researchers conducted 39 studies of the benefits of tea consumption in 13,204 breast cancer patients. Based on the results of these studies, antioxidant properties in tea can help reduce the risk of breast cancer. Taking tea regularly causes a $ 21 % $ reduction in breast cancer risk. According to a female health specialist, Dr. Catherine Hood from "The Tea Advisory Panel (TAP)" to Female First, this finding is related to the level of polyphenols in tea. Tea is rich in polyphenols, including catechins and gallocatchins, which have been known to function as antioxidants and to have anti-tumor effects. The latest research conducted by Dr. Tim Bond from The Tea Advisory Panel (TAP) shows that consuming black tea lowers cardiovascular risks. Flavonoid in tea helps improve blood vessel functions. In this study, 20 healthy people consumed tea three times a day for one week. The results show that the blood vessel function of these people increases after consuming tea that is not brewed with hot water. According to the Daily Mail, scientists from Taiwan reported that consuming three cups of tea a day helps prevent heart disease and improves blood circulation. Drinking more than $ 450 \mathrm{ml} $ of tea every day will reduce the risk of arteries becoming stiff, with a reduced risk of $ 22 % $ . Research conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health, America, also shows that tea has many health benefits. Besides being able to lower blood pressure, tea can also help prevent strokes. Drinking green tea, in particular, can help reduce the risk of breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer.

Why does the author argue that drinking tea can reduce the risk of heart disease?

1. A.Tea contains important nutrients
2. B.The results of the study reveal this
3. C.There is a polyphenol content in tea
4. D.Tea produces catechins and gallocatchins
5. E.The compound in tea raises blood pressure

Latin America, extending from the deserts of northern Mexico to the icy wilds of Tierra del Fuego in Chile and Argentina, encompasses many diverse countries and peoples. Though most of these countries are largely Catholic and Spanish-speaking, thanks to a shared history of colonization by Spain, they have at least as many differences as they do similarities with each other. In the United States the terms "Hispanic" and "Latino" (or "Latina" for a woman; sometimes written as "Latinx" to be gender-neutral) __ 17 _ in an attempt to loosely group immigrants and their descendants who hail from this part of the world. The terms are often used interchangeably, though the words can convey slightly different connotations. It is important to clarify that the categories refer only to a person's origin and ancestry. In general, "Latino" is understood as a shorthand for the Spanish word latino-americano and refers to anyone born in or with ancestors from Latin America and living in the U.S., Brazilians. "Latino" does not include speakers of Romance languages from Europe, such as Italians or Spaniards, and some people have argued that it excludes Spanish speakers from the Caribbean. Although people from French Guiana are sometimes accepted as Latino since French shares linguistic roots with Spanish and Portuguese, there is much debate about whether people from English-speaking Belize and Guyana and Dutch-speaking Suriname truly fit under the category since their cultures and histories are so distinct. "Hispanic" is that includes people only from Spanish-speaking Latin America, including those territories of the Caribbean or from Spain itself.

The phrase "shorthand for" in paragraph 2 means $ \ldots $

1. A.meaning of words
2. B.reference to expression
3. C.expression of nickname
4. D.denotation of substance
5. E.simple way of expressing

The earth's crust is split into a number of tectonic plates that float on the hot magma liquid. The plates keep moving. This is called a tectonic plate, and the movement of the tectonic plate is the trigger for earthquakes. Strong earthquakes occur when two tectonic plate collide with each other. As a result, the high tension arises at the edges of the two plates. The power continues to increase and it eventually reaches an optimal point. When that energy is released, an earthquake occurs. There are also two plates that collide and squeeze each other in the coastal area of Japan. The edges of those tectonic plates are finally pressed to the earth. A curved plate infiltrates under another plate with a higher density. If the pressure caused by the collision of the tectonic plates is released suddenly, then a natural disaster occurs in the form of a huge earthquake. The earthquake has also threatened the west coast of the United States. The two plates rub against an area called the San Andreas Fault. The length of the rubbing plate is about 1,000 kilometers. The resulting friction also causes collisions. The two plates are currently sliding past each other. Since the fault is formed from the sliding plates, a large tension is stored. The researchers estimate that the entire region is threatened by natural disasters that can occur at any time. Tectonic plates on the surface of the earth always move dynamically so that earthquakes often occur at the edges of each plate. The most famous earthquake area is the Pacific fire ring, which stretches from Chile in South America across the eastern coast of North America, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia to the Tonga islands. movement of the tectonic plate is the trigger for earthquakes. Strong earthquakes occur when two tectonic plate collide with each other. As a result, the high tension arises at the edges of the two plates. The power continues to increase and it eventually reaches an optimal point. When that energy is released, an earthquake occurs. There are also two plates that collide and squeeze each other in the coastal area of Japan. The edges of those tectonic plates are finally pressed to the earth. A curved plate infiltrates under another plate with a higher density. If the pressure caused by the collision of the tectonic plates is released suddenly, then a natural disaster occurs in the form of a huge earthquake. The earthquake has also threatened the west coast of the United States. The two plates rub against an area called the San Andreas Fault. The length of the rubbing plate is about 1,000 kilometers. The resulting friction also causes collisions. The two plates are currently sliding past each other. Since the fault is formed from the sliding plates, a large tension is stored. The researchers estimate that the entire region is threatened by natural disasters that can occur at any time. Tectonic plates on the surface of the earth always move dynamically so that earthquakes often occur at the edges of each plate.

The most famous earthquake area is the Pacific fire ring, which stretches from Chile in South America across the eastern coast of North America, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia to the Tonga islands. The phrase 'move dynamically' in paragraph 5 can be replaced by ....

1. A.behave reactively
2. B.spin intensively
3. C.change actively
4. D.switch regularly
5. E.flow mechanically

Forests have the ability to regulate water systems, prevent erosion and flood, and maintain soil fertility. The ability of forests is inseparable from the existence of millions and even billions of trees in a forest area. Trees only store water for their own needs, and the land saves water. Billions of trees with their wide canopies will hold back rain. In this position, rain water does not directly hit the soil surface, but will fall slowly through the leaves and flow through the tree trunk. Then, the soil surface filled with tree trunks will produce a quite a lot of litter originating from organic materials in the forms of leaf and dry twigs. Dramatically, littering is heading towards the decay process. The organic materials are collected on the soil surface. Litter blocks the water falling from the canopy so it does not directly hit the soil. Litter also functions as a place to live for millions of organisms (e g. worms). This organism punctures the land as a home and place of life. This organism's behavior causes the soil surface to become loose and porous. When rain drops from the canopy fall onto the litter, the water slowly flows to the soil surface. The loose and porous top layer of soil will absorb the water and then the water will be stored in the aquifer, the underground river. The soil surface in the forest has high capacity to absorb rainwater. As a result, most of the rainwater seeps into the soil; only a little becomes running water. Running water is the water that cannot be absorbed by the soil surface. This water will go down to a lower area. If running water exceeds the carrying capacity of the river, it can certainly cause flood. Most of the rainwater that falls in the forest area will be absorbed by the soil and stored in the aquifer. Furthermore, the water stored in the aquifer will come out regularly through springs. From these springs, water flows through rivers that are mostly found in the forest area. In addition, there is also underground water that comes out as a spring to the resident wells. surface filled with tree trunks will produce a quite a lot of litter originating from organic materials in the forms of leaf and dry twigs. Dramatically, littering is heading towards the decay process. The organic materials are collected on the soil surface. Litter blocks the water falling from the canopy so it does not directly hit the soil. Litter also functions as a place to live for millions of organisms (e g. worms). This organism punctures the land as a home and place of life. This organism's behavior causes the soil surface to become loose and porous. When rain drops from the canopy fall onto the litter, the water slowly flows to the soil surface. The loose and porous top layer of soil will absorb the water and then the water will be stored in the aquifer, the underground river. The soil surface in the forest has high capacity to absorb rainwater. As a result, most of the rainwater seeps into the soil; only a little becomes running water. Running water is the water that cannot be absorbed by the soil surface. This water will go down to a lower area. If running water exceeds the carrying capacity of the river, it can certainly cause flood. Most of the rainwater that falls in the forest area will be absorbed by the soil and stored in the aquifer. Furthermore, the water stored in the aquifer will come out regularly through springs. From these springs, water flows through rivers that are mostly found in the forest area. In addition, there is also underground water that comes out as a spring to the resident wells.

The word 'dramaticalify' in paragraph 2 is best replaced by ....

1. A.gradually
2. B.naturally
3. C.amazingly
4. D.surprisingly
5. E.simultaneously

The old myths about clever animals may have been closer to the truth than science has been for much of its history. Until fairly recently, animals were considered to be unthinking machines and humans the only intelligent species. However, aided by new cognition tests that allow elephants to show their intelligence, scientists have discovered human and elephant intelligence have much in common. Most contemporary ethologists view the elephant as one of the world's most intelligent animals. With a mass of just over $ 5 \mathrm{~kg} $ , an elephant's brain has more mass than that of any other land animal. In addition, elephants have a total of 300 billion neurons. Elephant brains are similar to humans' in terms of general connectivity and areas. The elephant cortex has as many neurons as a human brain. Moreover, elephants manifest a wide variety of behaviors, including those associated with self-awareness, altruism, memory, and communication. It has been proven scientifically that elephants are self-aware. In one study an elephant called Happy would touch a white cross painted on her forehead, a test used to test self-awareness in children. She could only see it in a mirror and understood that she was looking at a reflection of herself. Elephants also practice altruism. There is a famous story of an Indian elephant called Chandrasekharan, who was working lifting poles off a truck as it moved along, and placing them in holes dug in the ground. When Chandrasekharan came to one hole he refused to put the log in. Eventually the Mahout checked and discovered a dog sleeping in it. Only when the dog was gone would Chandrasekharan put the pole in. Finally, elephants do have long memories. They eat an incredible variety of foods and need to cover large distances to get it. They need to know where to go at what time of year. They learn this and remember it. Also, they have complex communication and societies, and they need to remember all the different individuals' voices and smells in order to be socially adept.

All of the following statements about elephant intelligence are true EXCEPT:

1. A.Elephants like helping other animals.
2. B.Elephants have strong memory and cognition.
3. C.Like human beings, elephants have selfawareness.
4. D.Elephant's brain has less mass than that of other mammals.
5. E.Elephant intelligence shares some similarities with human intelligence

Living on an island can have strange effects. On Flores in Indonesia, extinct elephants weighed no more than a large hog, but rats grew as big as cats. These are examples of the island effect, which holds that when food and predators are scarce, big animals shrink and little ones grow. Still, no one is sure whether the same rule explains the most famous example of dwarfing on Flores: the odd extinct hominin called the hobbit, which lived 60,000 to 100,000 years ago and stood about a meter tall. Now, genetic evidence from modern pygmies on Flores-who are unrelated to the hobbit-confirms that humans, too, are subject to so-called island dwarfing. Flores pygmies differ from their closest relatives on New Guinea and in East Asia in carrying more gene variants that promote short stature. The genetic differences testify to recent evolution-the island rule at work, and they imply that the same force gave the hobbit its short stature. To explore the pygmies' ancestry, a team of researchers studied the Rampasasa pygmies of Flores, who were on average just 145 centimeters tall. They gathered spit and blood from 32 people and (9) The team found no trace of archaic DNA that could be from the hobbit. Instead, the pygmies were (10)__ The DNA suggested that their ancestors came to Flores in several waves: in the past 50,000 years or so, when modern humans first reached Melanesia; and in the past 5000 years, when settlers came from both East Asia and New Guinea.

The DNA also reflects an environmental shift. It suggests the pigmies' ancestors underwent a big shift in diet after reaching Flores, perhaps eating pygmy elephants or marine foods. The pygmies' DNA is also rich in alleles that linked to short stature. Other East Asians have the same alleles, but at much lower frequencies. The discovery fits with a recent study suggesting evolution also in favor of short stature in people on the Andaman Islands. Such selection on islands boosts the theory that the hobbit, too, was once a taller species, who dwindled in height over millennia on Flores. This Sentence "This suggests natural selection favored existing genes for shortness while the pygmies' ancestors were on Flores." Should be ....

1. A.the last sentence of paragraph 1
2. B.the last sentence of paragraph 2
3. C.the last sentence of paragraph 3
4. D.the last sentence of paragraph 4
5. E.the last sentence of paragraph 5